Python: Week 2

• Visualizing Assignment Statements

Python Visualizer that follows the model we use to draw pictures of computer memory.
Consider this code:

x = 1
y = x + 2
x = 7

When we trace this in the visualizer and click button Forward twice, this is the result:

Regulated Power Supply

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others. Here in our application we need a 5v DC power supply for all electronics involved in the project. This requires step down transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator, and filter circuit for generation of 5v DC power. 

Here a brief description of all the components are given as follows:

Syllabus For Python

This course provides an introduction to computer programming intended for people with no programming experience. It covers the basics of programming in Python including elementary data types (numeric types, strings, lists, dictionaries and files), control flow, functions, objects, methods, fields and mutability. Here is a tentative list of topics.

Week	Topics
1	Installing Python, IDLE, mathematical expressions, variables, assignment statement, calling and defining functions, syntax and semantic errors
2	Strings, input/output, Booleans, function reuse, function design recipe, docstrings
3	import, namespaces, if statements
4	for loops, fancy string manipulation
5	while loops, lists, mutability
6	files
7	tuples, dictionaries

Python: Week 1

Getting Started: Installing Python 

Programming Languages

Programs are found in many places such as on your computer, your cell phone, or on the internet. A program is a set of instructions that are run or executed. There are many programming languages and, for this course, we will use the Python programming language.

Three Color Display Using Bicolor Led

Description:

This Project Three Color Display Using Bicolor Led is used to generate several designs of Running Lights. We use Eight Bi-color LED’s for display. The 8 bit Microprocessor is used to control all the operations. It control the LED’s though the Ports of PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface) IC8255. The above system is monitored and controlled by the 8 bit microprocessor 8085A and using the Ports of 8255. The Microprocessor Switches on/off the LED’s according to the Program. The Power for the circuit is derived from the Step down transformer and the 5V regulator IC7805. The regulator IC

Water level Controller

Description:

The water level Controller is a reliable circuit, it takes over the task of indicating and Controlling the water level in the overhead water tanks. The level of the water is displayed in the LED Bar graph. The Copper probes are used to sense the water level. The probes are inserted into the water tank which is to be monitored. This water-level Controller-cum-alarm circuit is configured around the well-known 8 bit Microprocessor 8085. It continuously monitors the overhead water level and display it and it also switch Off the Motor when the tank fills and it will automatically switch On the Motor when the water level is low. The Microprocessor will also indicate the water level over the LED display. All the input and output functions are done through the Programmable Peripheral

Number guessing game

Description:
 
This number guessing game is quite simple. In this game the player thinks of any number between 1 and 99. Then he scans the eight groups of numbers given in the eight boxes in the table. Each group corresponds to a specific switch on an 8-way DIP switch. And the corresponding switch is switch on and the Number will be displayed in the seven segments Display.
The circuit comprises 8 push-to-on switch (S1-S8). Suppose you want to display 47. For this, 4 is to be displayed in tens position and 7 in units position. In order to generate 4 (binary 111) on the display , switches S6, S7, and S8 are to be turned on. The number 47 is placed in groups 6, 7, 8, and 2. So

Common Admission Test (CAT)

Common Admission Test (CAT) is the entrance exam conducted by the IIMs. From the year 2009, the mode of CAT has changed from paper pencil test to computer based test. Last year the number of non IIM B-schools which were accepting CAT scores has increased to more than 120. Some of the B-schools which have been added in the list include SPJIMR Mumbai, Indus Business Academy Bangalore, Department of Business Administration, Tezpur University, Assam, School of Business Studies, Sharda University, Department of Business Management and University of Calcutta among others.

CAT 2012 Analysis

The CAT exam is the common entrance exam of MBA, which is conducted to gain admission to 11 Indian Institutes of Management and over 150 B-schools.
 
The first step to attain the dream of pursuing MBA is to take the MBA entrance exams conducted by the various institutes of India. CAT or the Common Admission Test, which is conducted by Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) to gain admission to 13 Indian Institutes of Management and over 150 B-schools is taken by over two lakh MBA aspirants each year. If you are planning to take CAT 2013 or have started your preparation for the same, in this article of MBA Universe.com, you will know about the yearly pattern of CAT, the eligibility and the probable dates of importance for CAT

CAT Syllabus

CAT Verbal / English Ability Syllabus: Reading comprehension, verbal reasoning, syllogisms, analogies, antonyms and synonyms, fill in the blanks, sentence correction, idioms, etc.
Types of Questions
• Vocabulary Based (Synonyms Antonyms)
• English Usage or Grammar
• Sentence Correction
• Fill in the blanks
• Cloze Passage
• Analogies or Reverse Analogies
• Jumbled Paragraph
• Meaning-Usage Match
• Summary Questions
• Verbal Reasoning
• Facts / Inferences / Judgments
• Reading Comprehension

Self Study Guide for CAT 2013

CAT 2013 exam has two sections namely; Quantitative Ability and Verbal ability.
Quant section also comprises of Data Interpretation while Verbal section is paired with Logical Reasoning.
 
Quantitative Ability:
The quantitative ability section of CAT tests you primarily on three areas -- Arithmetic , Algebra and Geometry . Even if you are weak in the section, you must ensure that you score enough marks that help clear the requisite cut off.
The new pattern of CAT offers time-bound sections of 70 minutes each. The quantitative ability area will have 20 questions and 10 questions will be asked from the data interpretation area. So, you need to plan accordingly.
 
Arithmetic:
Arithmetic is considered a weak area for many aspirants. Apart from algebra and geometry, arithmetic is the area from which the maximum number of questions comes in CAT.

Commercial Break App Tracks Commercials in Real-Time

The new app sends iPhone alerts to let you know when the commercial break is over.

August 01, 2013
The DVR has pretty much changed the way that most of us watch TV. Besides being able to watch what you want when you want, it cuts down your viewing time by cutting out those pesky commercials.

JAVA

 
Before we began to write serious programs in JAVA, it would be interesting to find out what really is java.
Java is a language which makes use of a principle called Object Oriented Programming(OOP) to organise the program. In OOP there are things like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, templates, exception handling, references, etc. We will learn these concepts later.

Architecture of JAVA:
Unlike C,C++, java is a platform independent language which means it doesn’t need different

Basics of a Home Security System

Here are products, features and FAQs for you to consider when setting up home security.

August 01, 2013

Do-it-yourself security is all the rage.

For best results, however, consider a comprehensive, professionally monitored alarm system that ensures emergency crews will reach your residence fast. This will also help you save on your

Beam Plans to Clean Up with Alliance Central Vac System

Electrolux's new option can take on those big messes quickly.

August 01, 2013

It’s been a while since we’ve heard anything from the world of central vac. Now, Electrolux is looking to clean up with the new Beam Alliance system.

$18 Million Renovation Includes Housewide A/V and Home Theater

Beach house more than doubles in size and skyrockets in entertainment value.

An $18 million rebuild took this house from 1,500 feet with zero technology to 6,000 square feet including a home theater and whole-house audio and video. 

July 30, 2013

This 6,000-square-foot house might look perfectly suited for the California coast, but it wasn’t always this

Forget Voice Control, Try Whistle Control for Your Lights

July 29, 2013
Ever since Apple introduced SIRI, electronic manufacturers and entrepreneurs have been exploring ways to use voice control to operate TVs, lights and home automation systems. But who wants to walk around the house all day shouting at things to turn on and off when you could just whistle.





That’s the promise of Whistled—an open hardware and software initiative developed by embedded systems engineer Mathieu Stephan. It’s a tiny device that can be incorporated into any electronic product to allow a user to operate it via whistles.

Gefen Rolls Out USB to Audio Decoder

Audio converter delivers computer files up to 24-bit/192kHz via analog and digital domains.

July 29, 2013
With so much music listening being done through computers these days, the ability to integrate your PC or Mac into your home stereo system is becoming more important, especially with the advent of higher-resolution audio files.

Benchmark Pumps Up DAC2 Audio Converter Line

The latest component is the company's first DAC2 converter without the HPA2 headphone amp.
July 30, 2013

Benchmark Media Systems just unleashed the latest product for its DAC2 line of audio converters. The new product is the DAC2 L—and it’s now shipping.

Astell And Kern Starts Shipping AKR01 In-Ear Headphones

The new headphone model is designed to complement A&K's portable players.

July 31, 2013
Back in May, iriver announced a pricey portable under its Astell&Kern brand. The AK120 Professional High-End Portable MQS Player is currently selling for about $1,300. Now the company is thinking that if you’re going to invest that kind of money in a portable device, you should really have a good pair of headphones to go with it.

What’s the Best Home Control System?

We frequently receive questions from readers, either through our Ask A Pro system or direct emails, requesting advice on their home theater, control systems etc. One question I get almost every week is some variation of “what control/automation system should I buy?”

Here’s the latest, which just came in from reader Dan, and my response.

Dan: What do you feel is the best home control system that will control heating, lighting, security, video of all the rooms, etc?

Why I Love Home Automation Right Now

5 features that make the technology hard to resist.

An iPad sporting a Control4 app. Image from New Wave Systems via Pinterest
July 31, 2013
When I first started reporting on home automation, I had a hard time wrapping my mind around why anyone would want to go through the rigors of having a system installed into a home. It was a huge, complicated project that often required tedious programming and laborious wire fishing. At that time it was

Is This The Ultimate Home Theater Seat?

July 31, 2013
I’m kind of a slob, maybe even a hoarder. Well, that might be going too far. I don’t generally have food stains on my shirt or 25 years of National Geographic stacked in the laundry room. However, home theater room in my basement is definitely a mess.

Harman Ships Revel Performa3 Loudspeakers - Finally!

The entire range of home theater speakers is available via a few select dealers.

July 31, 2013 
It’s been about a year (a year!) since Harman debuted the Performa3 line under its Revel brand. The Performa3 is a complete line of home theater speakers. Since the debut, the company has been showing them off at various tradeshows. Now, people are finally going to get to take them home!

Integra Puts HDBaseT Support Into Processor and Receiver

The DHC-60.5 and DTR-60.5 also include THX certification and 4K support.

The DTR-60.5 THX Ultra2 Plus Certified AV Receiver.
 July 26, 2013
Sometimes you need to get AV from point A to point B—and B isn’t exactly close by. HDBaseT technology is a nice option for those longer runs, since it can use cabling that’s less expensive and easier to install. That said, not every component is compatible with HDBaseT. That’s not something that you have to worry about with Integra.

Don’t Fret Over Investing in Electronics

Criticisms regarding spending choices for A/V and automation products don't account for long-term payoff.

B&O’s new H6 headphones, in the foreground, with the Form 2’s still going strong July 31, 2013

I recently attended an event at the Bang and Olufsen showroom in Boston, in which the stylish company was showing off its latest headphones. The Danish manufacturer’s beautiful H6 headphones (and their New

High Definition Crash Pad

Technology turns warehouse space into a swank master suite and fuses home and business.

July 29, 2013
Rather than battle the highway traffic after a long day at work, the owner of this converted warehouse can “crash” for the night a 1,500-square-foot, which includes not only a kitchenette, bathroom and huge closet, but ton of technology.

Emotiva Updates Stereo Amp to 300 Watts/Channel

July 31, 2013
So how do you improve an already popular 250 watt/channel stereo amp? You add more power, new circuitry and a make it a little prettier.

Microsoft Ventures into Home Automation Again

The software connects several devices to create the ultimate smart home.

July 26, 2013
Lab of Things (a play on Internet of Things, the moniker for IP-enabled devices) is less of a commercial home automation platform and more of a common service to help researchers with their home-control projects. Microsoft has launched Lab of Things to help researchers launch home automation trials. The software builds on the HomeOS platform that Microsoft announced in 2012.

CHAPTER 9: BOONS AND BANES OF IR TRANSMITTER

 
BOONS:
1. Low power requirements
2. Low circuitry costs
3. Simple circuitry: no special or proprietary hardware is required, can be incorporated into the integrated circuit of a product
4. Higher security: directionality of the beam helps ensure that data isn't leaked or spilled to nearby devices

CHAPTER 8: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-RECEIVER

Previous: Chapter7 Circuit Diagram-Transmitter                         

Next: Chapter8 Circuit Diagram-Reciever

CHAPTER 7: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-TRANSMITTER

Previous: Chapter6 Limitations Of The Circuit

Next: Chapter8: Circuit Diagram-Receiver

CHAPTER 6: LIMITATION OF THE CIRCUIT

 
Most of the IR remotes work reliably within a range of 5 metres. The circuit complexity increases if you design the IR transmitter for reliable operation over a longer range, say, 10 metres. To double the range from 5 metres to 10 metres, you need to increase the transmitted power four times.
If you wish to realise a highly directional IR beam (very narrow beam), you can suitably use an IR laser pointer as the IR signal source. The laser pointer is readily available in the market. However, with a very narrow beam from the laser pointer, you have to take extra care, lest a small jerk to the gadget may change

CHAPTER 5: WORKING OF THE LONG RANGE TRANSMITTER

 
This Infrared transmitter can activate IR based switching circuits from a distance of 10 meters or more. It is a high power IR transmitter driving 3 IR LEDs through a Darlington transistor BD 139(which includes BC 547 and BC 557(N ) to increase range and directionality.
IC CD 4047 is wired as an Astable multivibrator and its output pulses depend on the values of C1 and VR1. By adjusting VR1 the output frequency can be adjusted from 10 KHz to 60 KHz. High output from IC1 is available from its Q output (Pin 10) which is used to drive the NPN Darlington transistor BD 139 (which

CHAPTER 4: LONG RANGE IR TRANSMITTER

 
Most of the IR remotes work reliably within a range of 5 metres. The circuit complexity increases if you design the IR transmitter for reliable operation over a longer range, say, 10 metres. To double the range from 5 metres to 10 metres, you need to increase the transmitted power four times.

CHAPTER 3: IR TRANSMITTER

 
An IR TRANSMITTER device consists of a timer circuit connected to an infrared LED array. The timer causes the infrared LEDs to strobe at specific frequencies, such as 10 Hz for low priority (buses) or 14 Hz for high priority (emergency vehicles). Low Priority transmitters will control the intersection to perform a normal light change, while High Priority transmitters will change an entire intersection immediately.

CHAPTER 2: TRANSMITTER

 
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many

CHAPTER 1: INFRARED

Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 0.74 micrometres (µm) to 300 µm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 THz,[1] and includes most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Infrared light is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements.

DATA SHEET OF BC556

DATA SHEET OF BC546

LIMITING VALUES
In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134).

DATA SHEET OF BS170

FEATURES
• This is a Pb−Free Device*

DATA SHEET OF IC CD407

General Description
The CD4047 is capable of operating in either the monostable or astable mode. It requires an external capacitor (between pins 1 and 3) and an external resistor(between pins 2 and 3) to determine the output pulse width in the monostable mode, and the output frequency in theastable mode.

LONG RANGE IR TRANSMITTER

• DATA SHEET OF IC CD407

• DATA SHEET OF BS170

elec

• DATA SHEET OF BC546

• DATA SHEET OF BC556

• CHAPTER 1: INFRARED